bantu expansion genocide bantu expansion genocide

Click the account icon in the top right to: Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. In March 1970, the military in Cambodia ended the traditional rule of Prince Sihanouk. A minor tribe or clan was attacked and utterly obliterated, with only those able to fight or breed spared, to then be assimilated into the Zulu race. Most of these treaties implied imperial protection in exchange for land rights. The dynamics of genocide are rooted in the complex colonial policies of the time. The position in April 1965 was summarized by Dr Brian Fagan in an unpublished paper entitled Iron Age radiocarbon dates in sub-Saharan Africa, presented to the African History Seminar at the School of Oriental and African Studies. I actually asked r/askhistorian but they told me the YouTube channel was spreading white supremacy propaganda. Murdock, G. P., Africa: Its Peoples and their Culture History (New York), 2901.Google Scholar, 10 Greenberg, J. H., Studies in African Linguistic Classification (New Haven, 1955), 40.Google Scholar, 12 Guthrie, Malcolm, Some developments in the pre-history of the Bantu languages, Journal of African History, III (1962), 27382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 13 From Mr Bernard Fagg's layer 3 at Taruga, containing iron slag and Nok figurines. From Australia, we move to Africa, and a slightly different take on genocide. This resulted in an attempt to systematically eliminate the large Christian Armenian minority. With death and destruction occurring on such a vast scale, the relatively minor plight of a fringe minority of Turkish Christians attracted very little attention. Get your weekly fill of History Articles and Quizzes. In this campaign, the mighty Zulu nation made one last, desperate effort to throw off the colonial yoke. Between 300 AD-1000 AD, through participation in the long-existing Indian Ocean trade route, these communities established links with Arabian and Indian traders, leading to the development of the Swahili culture. Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic), as a result of desertification of the Green Sahara in 7000 BC. The Banyamulenge people settled there throughout history - before and during colonial rule and during Hutu rule in Rwanda. The last major act of defiance of a native race in southern Africa against European domination was the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. Linguistic, archeological and genetic evidence indicates that during the course of the Bantu expansion, "independent waves of migration of western African and East African Bantu-speakers into southern Africa occurred. Accompanying charcoal carbon-dated to 266 s.c. 120. [16] The majority of the groups of the Bamenda highlands (occupied for 2 millennia to date), somewhat south and contiguous with the Mambilla region, have an ancient history of descent from the north in the direction of the Mambilla region. ), A survey of the ethnography of Africa: and the former racial and tribal migrations of that continent, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Speculations on the economic prehistory of Africa, Berceaux agricoles primaires sur le continent africain, Africa: Its Peoples and their Culture History, Studies in African Linguistic Classification, Some developments in the pre-history of the Bantu languages. Of course what i have said may not be 100% but for better clarification pls ask a real historian. Starving Herero Tribesmen Source: Wikimedia. The German government has in recent years heard demands for compensation and recognition of the victims, and the legacy of this event remains a strain on relations between the two nations. The death toll attributed to the Holodomor runs to between 7 million and 10 million, which dwarves anything we have looked at so far. These were, and are the Bantu and the Koi-koi, or Khoisan. Between 1.5 and 3 million Cambodians died, or were killed by the regime. [18] From Cameroon, agricultural Proto-Bantu peoples began to migrate, and amid migration, diverged into East Bantu peoples (e.g., Democratic Republic of Congo) and West Bantu peoples (e.g. It is described as one of the most momentous events in African history. Even to date, records are patchy and inconsistent, and much of what is known is through anecdotal reporting and oral history. Of course not. The military government solicited the aid of the United States, and a heavy-handed US response included a massive bombing during 1973, killing some 300,000 people. The indigenous population of the territory comprised dispersed agricultural and pastoral communities belonging to the two major indigenous population groups in southern Africa. The date is contested, but most historians agree the Bantu Expansion began around 1500BCE. In its simplest terms, the Herero, a Bantu people, in one of many internecine conflicts, required German protection and did not get it. The latter, the Khoisan, are the original, and much more ancient race displaced by the Bantu, and relegated in many instances to the arid desert reaches of the west of the sub-continent. The Bantu Expansion stands for the concurrent dispersal of Bantu languages and Bantu-speaking people from an ancestral homeland situated in the Grassfields region in the borderland between current-day Nigeria and Cameroon. 7 Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa (1965), 46.Google Scholar, 8 Cf. There are reports that during the last ten years of the Dutch East India Company's rule (1795), 2,504 "Bushmen" were killed, 669 captured and 276 colonists ( Khoikhoi) slain. Factors that support claims of genocide include the confiscation not just of grain crops, that were needed to feed a growing industrial army, but also the confiscation of all foodstuffs, including livestock and domestic animals. This inspired the Bantu to conquer more areas to capture more slaves and expand further . They generally lack case inflection, but grammatical gender is characteristic, with some languages having two dozen genders (noun classes). In many ways, it defined the British Empire. 6 Portres, Roland, Berceaux agricoles primaires sur le continent africain, Journal of African History, III (1962), 195210;CrossRefGoogle ScholarClark, J. Desmond, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa,Google Scholaribid. Numerous individual countries, however, twenty-nine in total, including forty-eight states within the United States, classify what took place as genocide. Linguists, classifying the languages and creating a genealogical table of relationships, believed they could reconstruct material culture elements. Armenian Deportees in 1915 Source inserbia.info. The Israeli historian and scholar Yehuda Bauer, in probably the most frequent declaration on why it happened, proclaimed that the Holocaust was rooted in an illusionary world of Nazi imagination, where an international Jewish conspiracy to control the world was opposed to a parallel Aryan quest. These states became the hubs of the continent, forming strong militaries, economic ties with local and international traders, and complex political structures. Perhaps, instead of asking how, the question why might be better suited to this format. Even to date, records are patchy and inconsistent, and much of what is known is through anecdotal reporting and oral history. As we approach the top of the list, the Cambodian Genocide, the infamous Killing Fields of the 1790s, ranks very highly. With death and destruction occurring on such a vast scale, the relatively minor plight of a fringe minority of Turkish Christians attracted very little attention. Bambuti, also called Mbuti, a group of Pygmies of the Ituri Forest of eastern Congo (Kinshasa). Perhaps, instead of asking how, the question why might be better suited to this format. How can you have a Cracka, talking about African History?? This began its extreme animus towards the west, a sentiment reinforced by the overspill of the Vietnam War. No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means.. However, this estimated expansion time could represent an underestimation and may simply show the expansion of a subset of the diversity within haplogroup R1b1* to west Central Africa through the Bantu expansion, having been shown to be especially frequent in northern Cameroon, near the putative Bantu expansion origin (Cruciani et al. Notable early kingdoms include the Kingdom of the Kongo in present day Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Bunyoro Kitara Kingdom in the Great Lakes region, the Kingdom of Mapungubwe (c.1075c.1220) in present day South Africa, and the Zambezi River, where the Monomatapa kings built the Great Zimbabwe complex. These deaths were distributed across all of the most populous regions of Russia, but the greatest impact was felt in Ukraine. https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6/tables/3. In 1884, it was agreed among European powers that all expansion into Africa would be by treaty with local, indigenous authority. Needless to say, the matter is most keenly felt in the Ukraine, and on 13 January 2010, a Ukrainian court found Joseph Stalin, among numerous other Soviet officials of the period, posthumously guilty of genocide. In the 1840s, Ireland existed as part of Great Britain and Ireland, and as such, it was ruled directly from London by the British Government. It has sparked speculation, debate, and curiosity among scholars within the continent and beyond. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. False and dangerous equivalency. 1968. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700006472, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. This is a man that claims to debunk history yet, all does is whine and bitch about black people in his videos. The tell-tale sign is the lack of non-bantu Y-DNA left in the area and the MtDNA still surviving, which means they killed the men and "took" the women. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. These deaths were distributed across all of the most populous regions of Russia, but the greatest impact was felt in Ukraine. I understand if you do not want to answer this question especially since this video is white supremacy propaganda. It is thought that Central African Pygmies and Bantus branched out from a common ancestral population c. 70,000 years ago. cit. The scope of the Armenian genocide is usually defined as the physical extermination of Armenian Christians living within the geographic boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, between 1915 and 1916. In total, about 11.2 million people successfully crossed the India-West Pakistan border in different directions, mostly through the Punjab region. Some argue that the famine came about as an unintended consequence of the Soviet Unions rapid, perhaps too rapid industrialization, while others claim that it was a deliberate attack against Ukrainian nationalism, and as such, a textbook case of genocide. No it is a white supremacist talking point that doesn't make a lot of sense. When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. Needless to say, there are passionate advocates on both sides of the argument; and certainly a fractious, and historically difficult relationship between Dublin and London is not improved in the slightest by the discussion. Language Dispersal, Diversification, and Contact, Patterns of diversification and contact: Re-examining dispersal hypotheses, Sociolinguistic typology and the uniformitarian hypothesis, Geographical axis effects in large-scale linguistic distributions, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in Island Southeast Asia and Oceania, Time, diversification, and dispersal on the Australian continent: Three enigmas of linguistic prehistory, Language diversity, geomorphological change, and population movements in the Sepik-Ramu basin of Papua New Guinea, The dynamics of human expansion and cultural diversification in Southeast Asia and Oceania during the Neolithic: An archeological perspective, The role of contact and language shift in the spread of Austronesian languages across Island Southeast Asia, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in Africa, Language diversification and contact in Africa, The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction, Pots do not speak Bantu, but their producers did, Bantu languages spread through human migration, Language isolates and the spread of pastoralism in East Africa, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in South America, Amazonian linguistic diversity and its sociocultural correlates, Cultural phylogenetics in lowland South America, 'The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction', in Mily Crevels, and Pieter Muysken (eds), Archaeological Methodology and Techniques, Browse content in Language Teaching and Learning, Literary Studies (African American Literature), Literary Studies (Fiction, Novelists, and Prose Writers), Literary Studies (Postcolonial Literature), Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques, Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge, Browse content in Company and Commercial Law, Browse content in Constitutional and Administrative Law, Private International Law and Conflict of Laws, Browse content in Legal System and Practice, Browse content in Allied Health Professions, Browse content in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Browse content in Public Health and Epidemiology, Browse content in Science and Mathematics, Study and Communication Skills in Life Sciences, Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry, Browse content in Earth Sciences and Geography, Browse content in Engineering and Technology, Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building, Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology, Conservation of the Environment (Environmental Science), Environmentalist and Conservationist Organizations (Environmental Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Environmental Science), Management of Land and Natural Resources (Environmental Science), Natural Disasters (Environmental Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Environmental Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Environmental Science), Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System, Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction, Psychology Professional Development and Training, Browse content in Business and Management, Information and Communication Technologies, Browse content in Criminology and Criminal Justice, International and Comparative Criminology, Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics, Teaching of Specific Groups and Special Educational Needs, Conservation of the Environment (Social Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Social Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Social Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Social Science), Browse content in Interdisciplinary Studies, Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences, Browse content in Regional and Area Studies, Browse content in Research and Information, Developmental and Physical Disabilities Social Work, Human Behaviour and the Social Environment, International and Global Issues in Social Work, Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.001.0001, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.003.0013. [5], The expansion is believed to have taken place in at least two waves, between about 3,000 and 2,000 years ago (approximately 1,000 BC to AD 1). A few still live by foraging often supplemented by working for neighbouring farmers in the arid regions around the Kalahari desert, while a larger number of Nama continue their traditional subsistence by raising livestock in Namibia and adjacent South Africa. It has been proposed that this is the remnant of an independent western Batwa (Mbenga or "Baaka") language.[20]. To make sense of this paradox, the researchers carried out a large-scale comparison of all the ancient African DNA gathered so far, along with living people from across Africa and beyond. Archaeological findings have shown that by 100 BC to 300 AD, Bantu speaking communities were present at the coastal areas of Misasa in Tanzania and Kwale in Kenya. Replies claiming this is white supremacist to somehow study history are just ad hominem attacks mostly. If you see Sign in through society site in the sign in pane within a journal: If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. The indigenous population of the territory comprised dispersed agricultural and pastoral communities belonging to the two major indigenous population groups in southern Africa. Tensions and violence increased after the Rwandan Genocide as 1.5 million Hutu refugees fled Rwanda. The Allies, as a tactic of war, exploited traditional tensions within Ottoman territories to weaken the Empire. No, it's not. Others reached South Africa by 500CE and mixed with the native Khoisan-speaking people, contributing to the countrys vast diversity today. These communities also integrated and intermarried with the communities already present at the coast. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. The Bantu Expansion the migration of Bantu-speaking people across the African continent is one of Ancient historys largest migrations. This was to ensure that all food produced in Ireland remained in Ireland, guaranteeing that everyone had enough to eat, even during the leanest times. The Partition of India is such a case, and while Hindu/Muslim sectarianism lies at the heart of the debate, there is also the question of whether the British washed their hands of India, and walked away knowing that genocide was inevitable. I forgot which one, but it was some South African ethnic group that was slaughtered in huge numbers by the Dutch. 2002). The most famous of this race is the San, or Bushmen. Roberts, A. D. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more. fall into the classification of genocide. Evidence suggests that they moved rapidly across the continent, south and east, sometime between 2000 BCE and 1000 CE. The problem lay in a historical predominance of Muslims within the Indian political process. During the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, an estimated one million people, largely Tutsi, were killed. 22 January 2009. View all Google Scholar citations Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-ttbxf The Bantu languages, a closely-knit family of 440 to 680 languages (depending on how one distinguishes between a language and a dialect), are spoken across the southern third of the African continent, from the boundary between modern day Nigeria and Cameroon in the west, to southern Somali in the east, and as far south as the Cape. In the process, the Proto-Bantu-speaking settlers displaced or absorbed pre-existing hunter-gatherer and pastoralist groups that they encountered. This movement sought not only to replace the traditional leadership of the empire with the constitutional government but also to expand and solidify Muslim Turkish control of central and eastern Anatolia. However, I've been told by numerous South Africans that the Khoisan have peacefully lived by Nguni peoples for thousands of years and that it is a division tactic. Armenian Deportees in 1915 Source inserbia.info. Check your inbox or spam folder to confirm your subscription. Now the others are minorities this was not at all a targeted effort so there is no reason to call it a genocide. See below. Many centuries later, around AD 1000, some Eastern Cushitic speakers also settled in northern and coastal Kenya. In Killing Fields set up all over the country, confessions were solicited by torture, and execution immediately. In this campaign, the mighty Zulu nation made one last, desperate effort to throw off the colonial yoke. 21128. To date, Turkey remains in denial, and the word genocide is excluded from the official description of what took place. These migrants changed population demographics, spread farming across sub-equatorial Africa, introduced iron technology, and built powerful states that continue to influence the African continent today. The Bantu Expansion is unique among ancient dispersals of peoples and languages due to its combination of high amplitude, rapid pace, and adaptation to multiple ecozones ().The spread of Bantu-speaking people from a homeland region on the border between Nigeria and Cameroon toward eastern and southern Africa starting ~4000 years ago had a momentous impact on the continent's linguistic . The Khmer Rouge, a communist group headed by revolutionary, Pol Pot, allied itself with Sihanouk against the coup plotters, thus creating the conditions for the bloody civil war that followed. Professor of international law at the University of Illinois College of Law, Francis A. Boyle, argues that these actions, according to sections (a), (b), and (c) of Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, constitute genocide. Enter your library card number to sign in. The result was the decimation of the interior population of South Africa, and the ruination of the social and productive landscape. . [21], Khoisan-speaking hunter-gatherers also inhabited Southeast Africa before the Bantu expansion. The Bantu people brought iron-smelting technology and subsistence farming to areas previously dominated by hunter-gatherers or early pastoralists. It was of limited practical use to them, bearing in mind that it almost entirely comprised desert, but it was essential in the cut and thrust of competition, in particular with the British, in the race for European global expansion. The Mfecane. It was this policy in the end that is credited with saving Ireland from the worst possible consequences of crop failure. Does this action fall into the classification of genocide? Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. There was, of course, a great deal of mercantile resistance, but the British government held firm. This further reinforced a popular anti-West, anti-US movement in Cambodia, on the back of which, in April 1975, Pol Pot led the Khmer Rouge to victory. The question is rather whether Muslim nationalists were to blame for demanding a two-state solution, whether Hindu nationalists were to blame for allowing it, or whether the British were to blame for leaving India knowing that genocide was inevitable. No one was safe, not even children, for as the philosophy went, to stop the weeds you must also pull up their roots. Ethnic Armenian Christians, mainly living in what would today be modern Turkey, became subject to genocide as the old ruling Caliphate of the Ottoman Empire came under the more modernizing influence of the Young Turks. A tell tale sign or mere speculations doesn't equate to proof. This paper outlines four stages of the Bantu expansion: first, the initial push through the equatorial forest from the northern to the southern woodlands; second, the occupation of the southern woodland belt from coast to coast; third, the colonization of the Tanzania, Kenya and southern Somali coastline and of the northern sector of the lake region; fourth, the colonization south-wards, north-westwards and north-eastwards from this extended nucleus. In Eastern and Southern Africa, Bantu speakers may have adopted livestock husbandry from other unrelated Cushitic-and Nilotic-speaking peoples they encountered. At the same time, all and any aid was prevented from entering Ukraine, which virtually ensured famine, at least on some level. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. 23 Ibid. [42][43], Manfred K. H. Eggert stated that "the current archaeological record in the Central African rainforest is extremely spotty and consequently far from convincing so as to be taken as a reflection of a steady influx of Bantu speakers into the forest, let alone movement on a larger scale."[44]. After a hundred years, the genocide slowly continued, forced to servitude. He says that Mali wasn't a civilisation in one video, yet in another video, he says that Mali was an empire. The departure of the British would naturally bring about democratic rule, and in a society where Hindus vastly outnumbered Muslims, universal suffrage meant Muslim marginalization. He was thus able to interweave his own warped ideology with the mood of a nation. Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. Total loading time: 0 What followed was an extreme Maoist, Marxist-Leninist movement in Cambodia, and an extreme, and inexplicable antipathy towards intellectuals and professionals. The Atlantic-Congo family comprises a huge group of languages spread throughout Western, Central and Southern Africa. It never happened. 32 Photographs of Porajmos, the World War II Romani Gypsy Genocide, Heartbreaking Images of the Rwandan Genocide, Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. The ideological underpinning of all of this was simply the Maoist principle of transforming Cambodia into rural and classless society, with a population consigned to labor on collectivized farms. Simon Webb's take on anything to do with African histories and cultures is mostly bunk. The methods employed are by now familiar to students of genocide, and included the staples of forced labor, mass deportations, death marches, direct attack and massacre, concentration and starvation. This monumental event has attracted significant debate and speculation that recent research has endeavored to resolve.